Organic devices, organic electroluminescent devices and organic solar cells

ABSTRACT

An organic device, including an organic compound having charge-transporting ability (i.e., transporting holes and/or electrons) and/or including organic light emissive molecules capable of emitting at least one of fluorescent light or phosphorescent light, has a charge transfer complex-contained layer including a charge transfer complex formed upon contact of an organic hole-transporting compound and molybdenum trioxide via a manner of lamination or mixing thereof, so that the organic hole-transporting compound is in a state of radical cation (i.e., positively charged species) in the charge transfer complex-contained layer.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/177,071 filed on Jul. 7, 2005, is entitled to the benefit of andincorporates by reference essential subject matter disclosed in JapanesePatent Application No. 2004-202266 filed on Jul. 8, 2004 in the name ofInternational Manufacturing and Engineering Services Co., Ltd. All ofthe aforementioned patent applications are hereby expressly incorporatedherein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to an organic device, an organicelectroluminescent device (hereinafter, abbreviated as an “organic ELdevice”) and an organic solar cell each using an organiccharge-transporting compound.

2. Background Art

In recent years, organic semiconductors and organic conductive materialshave been actively studied, and in particular, remarkable process hasbeen achieved in organic EL devices which are light emissive elementsthat use an organic semiconductor.

In organic EL devices, Tang et al. have successfully discovered, withregard to the increase in efficiency of EL devices, that high luminanceand high efficiency sufficient for practical use such as a luminance of1,000 cd/m² and external quantum efficiency of 1% at an applied DCvoltage of not more than 10V can be obtained if a laminate structure oforganic compounds having different carrier transporting properties(organic hole-transporting compounds and organic electron-transportingcompounds) are applied to EL devices so that a balanced injection ofholes and electrons from an anode and a cathode, respectively, isattained, and also a thickness of the organic layer sandwiched betweenthe cathode and the anode is controlled to not more than 2,000 Å (cf.Tang et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 51, p913 (1987); Japanese Laid-openPatent Application Nos. 59-194393, 63-264692 and 2-15595; and U.S. Pat.Nos. 4,539,507, 4,769,292 and 4,885,211).

Tang et al., also in an organic solar cell, achieved a power conversionefficiency of about 1% by laminating organic compounds having differentcarrier transporting properties (CuPc which is an organichole-transporting compound and PV which is an organicelectron-transporting compound) (Appl. Phys. Lett., 48, 183 (1986)).

More recently, new ideas for increasing the efficiency of aforementionedorganic devices by stacking two or more units (i.e., by connecting theunits in series), each of which units corresponds to the portion havingbeen sandwiched by electrodes in prior art technology, have beenpublished in various papers and patent publications (cf. Appl. Phys.Lett., Vol. 80, 1667 (2002), Chemistry Letters., pp. 327-330, JapaneseLaid-open Patent Application No. 11-329748; U.S. Pat. No. 6,337,492; andJapanese Laid-open Patent Application Nos. 2003-45676 and 2003-264085).

In particular, the inventors of the present invention have disclosed amethod of connecting two or more organic light emissive units using anelectrically insulating charge generation layer (CGL) having aresistivity (specific resistance) of not less than 10² Ωcm in JapaneseLaid-open Patent Application No. 2003-272860, and named the resultingdevice an “organic MPE (Multi-Photon Emission) EL device”. The MPEdevices have been discussed and exhibited in various conferences andexhibitions so far, and obtained high appraisal(cf. 49th lecturemeeting, Associate of Society of Applied Physics and others, Preprint27p-YL-3, p. 1308; 63rd lecture meeting, Society of Applied Physics,preprint 27a-ZL-12, p. 1165; Proceedings of EL2002 (InternationalConference on the Science and Technology of Emissive Device andLighting), p. 539; Proceedings of IDMC'03 (International DisplayManufacturing Conference), Fr-21-01, p. 413; SID03 DIGEST, Vol. XXXIV,BOOKII, p. 964; SID03 DIGEST, Vol. XXXIV, BOOKII, p. 979; 13th lecturemeeting, Production Technology Exhibition of Flat Panel Display, D-4(2003); exhibition and distribution materials concerning white lightemission device by IMES Co., Ltd. at LCD/PDP International 2002,EExpress (Nov. 15, 2002), exhibition and distribution materialsconcerning white light emission device by IMES Co., Ltd. at FPDInternational 2003, and L. S. Liao et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 84,p. 167 (2004)).

Said charge generation layer in the MPE device has a similar structure;such that compositions of carrier (i.e., electrons and/or holes)injection layers (contacting anode or cathode), which the inventors ofthe present invention have introduced and developed, are laminated insequence. Specifically, there is provided a laminated structure having,in sequence, the layer containing radical anion state of electronaccepting (i.e., electron transporting) organic molecule, which aredisclosed in Japanese Laid-open Patent Application Nos. 10-270171 (U.S.Pat. No. 6,013,384), 2001-102175 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,589,673), 11-233262(European Patent No. 0936844B1) and 2000-182774 (U.S. Pat. No.6,396,209), and the layer containing radical cation state of holetransporting organic molecule resulting from being oxidized by a strongelectron accepting compound, for example, an inorganic compound such asFeCl3 and V₂O₅ or an organic compound such as F₄-TCNQ(tetrafluoro-tetracyanoquinodimethane) and PNB(tris-β-(pentafluoronaphthyl)borane), which are disclosed in JapaneseLaid-open Patent Application Nos. 11-251067 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,423,429),2001-244079 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,589,673) and 2003-272860 and JapanesePatent Application No. 2003-358402.

Said laminated charge generation layer (CGL) composed of a layerincluding radical anions and a layer including radical cations can betermed “a hole current-electron current conversion layer”. Inparticular, among the several candidates for the laminated structurepossible to achieve that conversion, the method disclosed in JapanesePatent Application No. 2003-380338 by the inventors of the presentinvention was found to be ideal for the serial connection of themultiple organic EL devices. For the energy barrier for electrontransfer within that conversion layer (i.e., CGL) is diminished when themethod is employed.

Furthermore, among the above-described technology concerning the layerincluding radical cation state molecules, a layer including a chargetransfer complex produced upon an oxidation-reduction reaction betweenV₂O₅ and an organic hole-transporting compound (contacting each other bylaminating or mixing these two compounds), was found to be most usefulwith respect to chemical and/or thermal stability.

However, V₂O₅ is categorized as a deleterious substance, and further,does not have a sufficient light transmissivity. So, the inventors ofthe present invention have now found that MoO₃ (molybdenum trioxide) isnotably superior to V₂O₅ with regard to the safety and the lighttransmissivity. Note that use of MoO₃ as a constituent of an organic ELdevice is described in the following references, for example:

Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. 11-67459 (Reference 1),Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. 11-61398 (Reference 2),Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. 2000-235893 (Reference 3),Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. 2000-306681 (Reference 4),Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. 2000-223276 (Reference 5),Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. 10-199681 (Reference 6),Japanese Patent No. 2824411 (Reference 7), and S. Tokito, K. Noda and Y.Taga, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 29 (11) 2750-2753, November 1996(Reference 8).

Among the references listed above, the technology described in JapanesePatent No. 2824411, i.e., Reference 7, is also described in Reference 8which is the technical article.

Reference 7 teaches the deposition of a metal oxide such as vanadiumoxide (VOx), ruthenium oxide (RuOx) and molybdenum oxide (MoOx) at athickness of 50 to 300 Å on ITO anode by sputtering method in order toreduce an energy barrier for hole injection from ITO anode to an organiclayer, thereby providing an organic EL device capable of being operatedat a lower voltage in comparison with the prior art EL devices.

However, according to the Reference 7, a layer of molybdenum oxide hasonly a transmittance of 10% at a thickness of 2,150 Å, and thus itsthickness is limited due to the reduced light transmissivity which isconsidered to be resulting from oxygen desorption during the sputteringprocess.

Moreover, Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. 2000-223276describes the use of a mixture of metal oxides having the composition ofindium oxide/zinc oxide/molybdenum oxide (ratio=0.65/0.25/0.1) as a holeinjection layer, in order to solve the drawback of the low transparencyseen in the Japanese Patent No. 2824411. Stated otherwise, in JapaneseLaid-open Patent Application No. 2000-223276, they addressed thisdrawback (with recognizing the opacity of that sputtered molybdenumoxide layer) to satisfy both of transparency and hole injection propertyrequirements by mixing a metal oxide having a better transparency intothe molybdenum oxide. Then, the hole injection layer (having thecomposition of indium oxide/zinc oxide/molybdenum oxide(ratio=0.65/0.25/0.1)) is also deposited by a high frequency (i.e.,RF=radio frequency) magnetron sputtering method. Similar manners arealso described in Japanese Laid-open Patent Application Nos. 11-67459and 11-61398.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the invention, an organic device, including an organiccompound having charge-transporting ability (i.e., transporting holesand/or electrons) and/or including organic light emissive moleculescapable of emitting at least one of fluorescent light and phosphorescentlight, has a charge transfer complex-contained layer including a chargetransfer complex formed upon contact of an organic hole-transportingcompound and molybdenum trioxide via a manner of lamination or mixingthereof, so that the organic hole-transporting compound is in a state ofradical cation (i.e., positively charged species) in the charge transfercomplex-contained layer.

The charge transfer complex-contained layer can be a hole-transportinglayer contacting an anode.

The charge transfer complex-contained layer can be an interfacial layerdisposed between two layers each consisting of hole-transportingmolecules having different molecular structures for reducing the barrierheight of the hole transfer between the two layers.

The charge transfer complex-contained layer can be a constituent of ahole current-electron current conversion layer formed by laminating thecharge transfer complex-contained layer and the layer wherein theelectron-transporting compound is in a state of radical anions (i.e.,negatively charged species) generated via a radical anion generationmeans.

The hole current-electron current conversion layer can be a buffer layerthat works as a damage reduction layer induced during the electrodeformation process.

The organic device can be an organic electroluminescent device.

The organic device can be an organic solar cell.

According to the invention, in an embodiment, an organicelectroluminescent device is provided, having a multi-photon emission(MPE) structure that includes at least two light emissive units, havinga charge transporting organic molecules (i.e., transporting holes and/orelectrons) and organic molecules consisting of fluorescent orphosphorescent dye capable of radiating light, and having the chargetransfer complex-contained layer described above and the radical anioncontained layer, also described above, thereby forming the holecurrent-electron current conversion layer working as a charge generationlayer (CGL) in an aforementioned MPE organic EL device.

In an embodiment, a tandem-connection solar cell including at least twoorganic solar cell units, includes an organic charge-transportingcompound (i.e., transporting holes and/or electrons) and a holecurrent-electron current conversion layer, formed by laminating thecharge transfer complex-contained layer described above and the radicalanion contained layer, also described above, working as a connectorlayer for connecting multiple organic solar cell units in series.

In an embodiment, an organic device is provided, having a layerstructure on a substrate in the following deposition sequence: (A) ananode, (B) a layer structure mainly consisting of organic compounds (C)a radical anion-contained layer in which an organicelectron-transporting molecule is in a state of radical anions generatedby a radical anion generation means, (D) a cathode-adjacent layer of anMoO₃ layer, and (E) a cathode layer.

In an embodiment, an organic device is provided, having a layerstructure on a substrate in the following deposition sequence: (A) ananode, (B) a layer structure mainly consisting of organic compounds (C)a radical anion-contained layer in which an organicelectron-transporting molecule is in a state of radical anions generatedby a radical anion generation means, (D) a cathode-adjacent layerconsisting of a mixture of MoO₃ and an organic hole-transportingmolecule, and (E) a cathode layer, wherein the laminated layer of (C)and (D) works as “hole current—electron current conversion layer”.

In an embodiment, an organic device is provided, having a layerstructure on a substrate in the following deposition sequence: (A) ananode, (B) a layer structure mainly consisting of organic compounds (C)a radical anion-contained layer in which an organicelectron-transporting molecule is in a state of radical anions generatedby a radical anion generation means, (D) a cathode-adjacent layerconsisting of a mixture of MoO₃ and an organic hole-transportingmolecule, and (E) a cathode layer, wherein the laminated layer of (C)and (D) works as “hole current-electron current conversion layer” aswell as “damage reduction layer” to reduce the damage induced during theelectrode deposition process.

In an embodiment, an organic electroluminescent device is a MPE organicEL device containing multiple light emissive units, wherein a layerstructure on a substrate is provided in the following depositionsequence: (A) an anode, (B) a layer structure mainly consisting oforganic compounds (C) a radical anion-contained layer in which anorganic electron-transporting molecule is in a state of radical anionsgenerated by radical anion generation means, (D) a cathode-adjacentlayer consisting of a mixture of MoO₃ and an organic hole-transportingmolecule, and (E) a cathode layer, wherein the laminated layer of (C)and (D) works as “hole current-electron current conversion layer” aswell as “damage reduction layer” to reduce the damage induced during theelectrode deposition process.

In an embodiment, an organic device is a tandem-connection solar cellincluding at least two organic solar cell units, wherein a layerstructure on a substrate is provided in the following depositionsequence: (A) an anode, (B) a layer structure mainly consisting oforganic compounds (C) a radical anion-contained layer in which anorganic electron-transporting molecule is in a state of radical anionsgenerated by a radical anion generation means, (D) a cathode-adjacentlayer consisting of a mixture of MoO₃ and an organic hole-transportingmolecule, and (E) a cathode layer, and the laminated portion of (C) and(D) is characteristic of the device.

In an embodiment, an organic device is provided, having a layerstructure on a substrate in the following deposition sequence: (A) ananode, (B) an anode-adjacent layer consisting of MoO₃, (C) a layer of anorganic hole-transporting compound, (D) a layer structure mainlyconsisting of organic compounds, and (E) a cathode layer, wherein “(B)an anode-adjacent layer consisting of MoO₃” is prepared via resistiveheating method. And the interfacial layer between (B) and (C) layers isthe charge transfer complex contained layer wherein the organichole-transporting compound is in a state of radical cations, resultingfrom the contact of the MoO₃ in (B) and the organic hole-transportingcompound in (C).

In an embodiment, an organic device is provided, having a layerstructure on a substrate in the following deposition sequence: (A) ananode, (B) an anode-adjacent layer consisting of a mixture of MoO₃ andan organic hole-transporting molecule, (C) a layer structure mainlyconsisting of organic compounds, and (D) a cathode layer, wherein “(B)an anode-adjacent layer consisting of a mixture of MoO₃ and an organichole-transporting molecule” is prepared via resistive heating method.And the MoO₃ and the organic hole-transporting molecule in the “(B) ananode-adjacent layer” forms the charge transfer complex, thus theorganic hole-transporting molecule is in the state of radical cations,forming the charge transfer complex contained layer.

In an embodiment, an organic device is provided, having a layerstructure on a substrate in the following deposition sequence: (A) acathode layer, (B) a layer structure mainly consisting of organiccompounds, (C) a layer of an organic hole-transporting compound, (D) ananode-adjacent layer consisting of MoO₃, and (E) an anode layer, whereinthe “(D) an anode-adjacent layer consisting of MoO₃” is prepared viaresistive heating method. And the interfacial layer between (C) and (D)layers is the charge transfer complex contained layer wherein theorganic hole-transporting compound is in a state of radical cations,resulting from the contact of the organic hole-transporting compound in(C) and the MoO₃ in (D).

In an embodiment, an organic device is provided, having a layerstructure on a substrate in the following deposition sequence: (A) acathode layer, (B) a layer structure mainly consisting of organiccompounds, (C) an anode-adjacent layer consisting of a mixture of MoO₃and an organic hole-transporting molecule, and (D) an anode layer,wherein the “(C) an anode-adjacent layer consisting of a mixture of MoO₃and an organic hole-transporting molecule” is prepared via resistiveheating method. And the MoO₃ and the organic hole-transporting moleculein the “(C) an anode-adjacent layer” forms the charge transfer complex,thus the organic hole-transporting molecule is in the state of radicalcations, forming the charge transfer complex contained layer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graph showing the measurement results of the absorptionspectrum of each of the layers described in Example 1 of the presentinvention;

FIG. 2 is a plane view showing the resistivity evaluation device used inthe sandwich method;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the device taken along line 3-3 ofFIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a plane view showing the resistivity evaluation device used inthe co-planar arrangement method;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the device taken along line 5-5 ofFIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a characteristic curve showing the relationship between thecurrent density (A/cm2) and the electric field (V/cm) characteristics inExample 2;

FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between the mixing ratio(mole fraction) in the co-deposited film of MoO₃ and α-NPD andresistivity (Ωcm) in Example 2; and

FIG. 8 is a graph showing the measurement results of the transmittance(%) in a visible light region of each film in Example 3 in which theabscissa axis represents a wavelength (nm) of the light.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail referringto the embodiments thereof.

First of all, MoO₃ (molybdenum trioxide) used in the present inventionis prepared via resistive heating method. This is because the inventorsof the present invention have found that if MoO₃ film is thus prepared,an oxygen desorption problem, often seen when a sputtering method isemployed for the MoO₃ film preparation, is never observed, i.e., thestoichiometric composition of MoO₃ is successfully maintained during thethermal evaporation process (via the resistive heating method), leadingto substantially transparent characteristics of the deposited MoO₃ film,which is theoretically expected. For MoO₃ itself is commerciallyavailable as white powder form.

The inventors have also found that when MoO₃ having a stoichiometriccomposition is deposited as a layer via resistive heating method, it canreact with an organic hole-transporting compound (also recognized as anorganic electron-donating compound) at molecular level, thereby forminga charge transfer complex. Namely, the present invention has almost thesame content as the prior invention (by the inventor of thisapplication), wherein the combination of V₂O₅ and an organichole-transporting compound is basically used, but replaces thatcombination with that of MoO₃ and an organic hole-transporting compoundso that more advantageous points MoO₃ has (compared with V₂O₅), likeless toxic property (MoO₃ is not designated as “deleterious substance”like V₂O₅) and/or better transparency, can be obtained.

Accordingly, usage of MoO₃ disclosed in the present invention can beapplied to all of the technology using electron-accepting substances(generally denoted as ‘Lewis acid’) having been disclosed by theinventors of the present invention. Namely, MoO₃ can be applied to allof the following:

1.) Embodiments in which a laminated layer or mixture layer consistingof the hole-transporting compound and MoO₃ is utilized as a holeinjection layer (or a hole transporting layer) adjacent to an anode(technologies disclosed in Japanese Patent Application No. 2003-358402and Japanese Laid-open Patent Application Nos. 11-251067 (U.S. Pat. No.6,423,429) and 2001-244079 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,589,673))

2.) Embodiments in which MoO₃ is included in an interface regionseparating two or more hole-transporting layers consisting of two ormore different hole-transporting molecules to thereby utilize MoO₃ fordiminishing a hole transfer barrier in the interface between the twodifferent hole transporting layers (technologies disclosed in JapanesePatent Application No. 2003-384202)

3.) Embodiments in which a laminated layer or a mixture layer of thehole-transporting molecules and MoO₃ is utilized as a charge generationlayer (CGL) of the multi-photon emission (MPE) organic EL device or as aconnector layer of the tandem connection organic solar cell(technologies disclosed in Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No.2003-272860 and Japanese Patent Application No. 2003-380338)

4.) Embodiments in which MoO₃ is utilized as a damage reduction bufferlayer for reducing damage induced during formation of electrode layers(technologies disclosed in Japanese Patent Application No. 2003-380338)

5.) Embodiments in which a MoO₃-contained layer is utilized as anoptical path length adjustment layer based on the characteristicsthereof that the MoO₃-contained layer has a lower resistivity indifferent order of magnitude in comparison with a layer of the pureorganic compound, along with excellent transparency (technologiesdisclosed in Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. 2001-244079 (U.S.Pat. No. 6,589,673) and Japanese Patent Application No. 2003-380338).

Requirement (A)

According to the findings obtained by the inventors of the presentinvention so far, whether or not the MoO₃-contained layer can be appliedto the technologies 1) to 5) described above can be confirmed byspectroscopic analysis, more specifically, by comparing the absorptionspectrum of the mixture layer (consisting of MoO₃ and hole-transportingorganic molecule) with that of pure hole-transporting compound and/orpure MoO₃ layer.

More specifically, although the absorption spectrum of MoO₃ or organichole-transporting compound, if each solely employed, does not peak in anear-infrared region (around the wavelength of 800 to 2,000 nm), that ofa mixture layer of MoO₃ and the organic hole-transporting compound hasits peak in a near-infrared region (800 to 2,000 nm), and thus itclearly suggests the presence of an electron transfer between MoO₃ andthe organic hole-transporting compound. Stated otherwise, MoO₃ and theorganic hole-transporting compound can form a charge transfer complexvia the oxidation-reduction reaction (donation and acceptance ofelectrons) between these compounds. In this process of the formation ofthe charge transfer complex, the organic hole-transporting compound ischanged to a radical cation state, and thus it can move as an internalcarrier in the mixture layer or can move into an organic layer(contacting that mixture layer), as well.

Requirement (B)

Furthermore, (in addition to the above-described spectroscopic analysismethod), according to the findings obtained by the inventors of thepresent invention so far, whether or not the MoO₃-contained layer can beapplied to the technologies 1) to 5) described above can be confirmed bythe fact that the mixture layer exhibits a lower resistivity if themixture ratio is properly selected, which could not be achieved withsole use of the compounds each constituting the mixture layer. Thisphenomenon clearly indicates that the two compounds (in the mixturelayer) are not just physically blended, but they chemically react witheach other leading to formation of a charge transfer complex accompaniedwith electron transfer between the compounds in the layer (chargetransfer complex-contained layer).

The MoO₃-contained layer of the present invention can be applied to allof the embodiments 1) to 5), when the above-described requirements (A)and (B) are satisfied.

The organic hole-transporting compound used in the present invention isan arylamine compound, and the arylamine compound is preferably the onerepresented by the following general formula (1):

wherein Ar1, Ar2 and Ar3 each independently represents an aromatichydrocarbon group which may have any substituents.

Examples of these arylamine compound include, but not restricted to, thearylamine compounds disclosed in Japanese Laid-open Patent ApplicationNos. 6-25659, 6-203963, 6-215874, 7-145116, 7-224012, 7-157473, 8-48656,7-126226, 7-188130, 8-40995, 8-40996, 8-40997, 7-126225, 7-101911 and7-97355. They include N,N,N′,N′-tetraphenyl-4,4′-diaminophenyl,N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-di(3-methylphenyl)-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl,2,2-bis(4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl)propane,N,N,N′,N′-tetra-p-tolyl-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl,bis(4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl)phenylmethane,N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-di(4-methoxyphenyl)-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl,N,N,N′,N′-tetraphenyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenylether,4,4′-bis(diphenylamino)quadriphenyl,4-N,N-diphenylamino-(2-diphenylvinyl)benzene, 3-methoxy-4′-N ,N-diphenylaminostil benzene, N-phenylcarbazole,1,1-bis(4-di-p-triaminophenyl)cyclohexane,1,1-bis(4-di-p-triaminophenyl)-4-phenylcyclohexane,bis(4-dimethylamino-2-methylphenyl)phenylmethane,N,N,N-tri(p-tolyl)amine,4-(di-p-tolylamino)-4′-[4-(di-p-tolylamino)styryl]stilbene,N,N,N′,N′-tetraphenyl-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl N-phenylcarbazole,4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl,4,4″-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]p-terphenyl,4,4′-bis[N-(2-naphtyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl,4,4′-bis[N-(3-acenaphthenyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl,1,5-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]naphthalene,4,4′-bis[N-(9-anthryl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl,4,4″-bis[N-(1-anthryl)-N-phenylamino]p-terphenyl,4,4′-bis[N-(2-phenanthryl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl,4,4′-bis[N-(8-fluoranthenyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl,4,4′-bis[N-(2-pyrenyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl,4,4′-bis[N-(2-perylenyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl,4,4′-bis[N-(1-coronenyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl,2,6-bis(di-p-tolylamino)naphthalene,2,6-bis[di-(1-naphthyl)amino]naphthalene,2,6-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-(2-naphthyl)amino]naphthalene,4,4″-bis[N,N-di(2-naphthyl)amino]terphenyl,4,4′-bis{N-phenyl-N-[4-(1-naphthyl)phenyl]amino}biphenyl,4,4′-bis[N-phenyl-N-(2-pyrenyl)amino]biphenyl,2,6-bis[N,N-di(2-naphthyl)amino]fluorene,4,4″-bis(N,N-di-p-tolylamino)terphenyl,bis(N-1-naphthyl)(N-2-naphthyl)amine,4,4′-bis[N-(2-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (abbreviated as α-NPD orNPB(N,N′-Bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N′-bis(phenyl)benzidine)) represented bythe following formula:

spiro-NPB represented by the following formula:

spiro-TAD (2,2′,7,7′-Tetrakis(diphenylamin)-9,9′-spirobifluoren)represented by the following formula:

2-TNATA (4,4′,4″-tris[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]-triphenylamine)represented by the following formula:

(Formula 5)

In addition, any well-known arylamine compounds used in the productionof the conventional organic EL devices may be suitably used.

Moreover, it is desirable for the arylamine compound used herein to bean arylamine compound having a glass transition temperature of not lowerthan 90, from a point of view regarding thermal stability of the organicdevice. Examples of suitable arylamine compounds include α-NPD,spiro-NPB, spiro-TAD and 2-TNATA, described above, as they have a glasstransition temperature of not lower than 90. Alternatively, the organichole-transporting compound used in the present invention may be apigment type organic compound. Furthermore, that organichole-transporting compounds (of pigment typed) may be a porphyrincompound or derivatives thereof. Examples of the porphyrin compoundinclude CuPc represented by the formula:

The organic hole-transporting compound (pigment typed) may be aquinacridone compound or derivatives thereof. The organichole-transporting compound may be also an indanthrene compound orderivatives thereof.

Since the above-described organic hole-transporting compounds cansatisfy any one of the above requirements (A) and (B), theabove-described organic hole-transporting compounds can be used as aconstituent in the MoO₃-contained layer.

EXAMPLES

The present invention will be further described with reference to theexamples thereof. Note, however, that the present invention is notrestricted to these examples.

Example 1

In Example 1, an absorption spectrum and its absorbance value (at layerthickness of 10 nm) was determined for each of the layers which are themain constituents of the present invention, i.e., a vacuum-depositedlayer of MoO₃ (molybdenum trioxide), a vacuum-deposited layer of α-NPD(also abbreviated to NPB) as an organic hole-transporting compound and aco-deposited layer of MoO₃ and α-NPD (MoO₃:α-NPD=5:1, molar ratio).

Measurement results are plotted in FIG. 1. As can be understood fromFIG. 1, prominent peaks could be observed in the region of around 500 nmand around 1,400 nm for the co-deposited layer of MoO₃ and α-NPD. Thesepeaks could not be observed for each of the single layer of MoO₃ and thesingle layer of α-NPD, and clearly indicates the formation of a chargetransfer complex as a result of the oxidation reduction reaction betweenthese two substances, i.e., formation of radical cations (NPB⁺) of NPBas the organic hole-transporting compound.

Example 2

In Example 2, the measurement of the resistivity of MoO₃ or the mixturelayer, prepared by co-deposition of MoO₃ and the organichole-transporting compound, was carried out while comparing with theresults from V₂O₅ or the mixture layer, also prepared by co-depositionof V₂O₅ and the organic hole-transporting compound, having been alreadydisclosed in the prior invention by the inventors. The measurement ofthe resistivity (unit: Ωcm) was carried out with the following twomethods depending on the values (range) of the resistivity of thesubstance to be tested (hereinafter, test substance).

The first measurement method (sandwich method) is a method suitable forthe substances having a relatively high resistivity. The measurement ofthe resistivity is carried out by sandwiching a deposited thin layer 103of the test substance in between two electrodes 101 and 102 (theresistivity evaluation device having a sandwich structure shown in FIGS.2 and 3). The resistivity is calculated from a ratio of the electricfield E (V/cm), obtained from an applied voltage (V) and a layerthickness (cm) of the deposited thin layer of the test substance (i.e.,distance between the electrodes), and a current density (A/cm²) obtainedfrom a measured current value (A) and a cross-sectional area (cm²) ofthe current flowing region [(V/cm)/(A/cm²)=(Ωcm)].

FIG. 2 is a plane view showing the resistivity evaluation device used inthe sandwich method and FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of theresistivity evaluation device. More specifically, the resistivityevaluation device is produced by depositing a test substance 103 at adesired thickness on an ITO electrode 101 (having a width of 2 mm, or ifnecessary, on an aluminum electrode having a width of 2 mm) formed overthe substrate 100 and finally depositing an aluminum electrode 102(having a width of 2 mm as in the ITO electrode) in such a manner thatthe aluminum electrode stripe 102 intersects orthogonally the ITOelectrode stripe 101, as shown in FIG. 2.

The second measurement method (co-planar arrangement method) is a methodsuitable for the substances having a relatively low resistivity, and theresistivity is measured using a resistivity evaluation device having aco-planar arrangement structure. Namely, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, asubstrate 200 having anode 201 and cathode 202 layers disposed at acertain distance L (cm) on its surface is prepared, first. And then,test substance 203 is deposited, through a metal mask for defining adeposition area having a certain opening width W (cm), onto thesubstrate 200 to form a deposited layer having the predeterminedthickness t (cm). In this method, an electric field E (V/cm) applied tothe test substance is calculated by dividing an applied voltage (V) by adistance L (cm) between the electrodes, and a current density (A/cm²) iscalculated by dividing a measured current value (A) by a cross-sectionalarea of the current flowing region [in this example, W×t (cm²)]. Theresistivity (Ωcm) of the test substance is calculated from the resultingvalues as in the manner described above with regard to the firstmeasurement method (sandwich method).

The measurement results of the resistivity are plotted in FIG. 6. Thetest substances used herein are “ITO (transparent electrode material)layer”, “V₂O₅ layer”, “co-deposition layer of V₂O₅ and α-NPD”, “MoO₃layer”, “co-deposition layer of MoO₃ and α-NPD”, “Alq (light emissivematerial as well as electron-transporting material) layer” and “α-NPDlayer”. The resistivity of each of the “ITO layer”, “co-deposition layerof V₂O₅ and α-NPD”, “MoO₃ layer” and “co-deposition layer of MoO₃ andα-NPD” is measured using the co-planar arrangement structure. Theresistivity of each of the “V₂O₅ layer”, the “α-NPD layer” and the “Alqlayer” is measured using the sandwich structure. Furthermore, as to themeasurement of the α-NPD, to ensure an ohmic charge injection from theelectrodes, both the portions adjacent to the electrodes are formed bydepositing the co-deposited mixture layer of V₂O₅ and α-NPD of 50 Åthick, then pure α-NPD layer of 1,000 Å-thick is deposited (leading tothe α-NPD layer sandwiched by that mixture layers backed by theelectrode layer on both sides), as designated in FIG. 6.

The resistivity value(Ωcm) obtained for each of the deposited layersplotted in FIG. 6 is as follows.

[Co-planar Arrangement Method]

- -: ITO layer,

4.6×10⁻⁴ Ωcm

-▴-: co-deposition layer of V₂O₅ and α-NPD (V₂O₅: α-NPD=4:1, molarratio),

2.0×10³ Ωcm

- -: co-deposition layer of V₂O₅ and α-NPD (V₂O₅: α-NPD=1:1, molarratio),

2.7×10⁴ Ωcm

-▾-: co-deposition layer of MoO₃ and α-NPD (MoO₃: α-NPD=5:1, molarratio),

5.0×10⁴ Ωcm

-∘-: MoO₃ layer,

4.0×10⁵ Ωcm

--: co-deposition layer of MoO₃ and α-NPD (MoO₃: α-NPD=1:1, molarratio),

2.0×10⁶ Ωcm

[Sandwich Method]

Heavy Line: V₂O₅ layer (100 nm) (determined at the laminated structure:ITO/V₂O₅/Al),

3.0×10⁵ Ωcm

Thin Line: Alq layer (300 nm) (determined at the laminated structure:Al/Alq/AI),

1.0×10¹³ Ωcm

Chain Line: α-NPD (NPB) layer (100 nm)(determined at the laminatedstructure: ITO/V₂O₅:α-NPD(5 nm)/α-NPD(100 nm)/V₂O₅:α-NPD(5 nm)/Al,

3.0×10⁸ Ωcm

In addition, the relationship between the mixing ratio (mole fraction)in the co-deposition layer consisting of MoO₃ and α-NPD and theresistivity measured at the each ratio is plotted in the graph of FIG.7. As is shown in FIG. 7, it is observed that when α-NPD (having aresistivity of not less than 10⁸ Ωcm) is added to a layer of MoO₃ havinga resistivity of around 10⁵ Ωcm (if it is solely used), the resistivityof the mixed layer can be once reduced to a level of about 10⁴ Ωcm(contrary to the general expectation), when the mole fraction of α-NPDin the mixed layer is about 0.1 to 0.2. This phenomenon can beidentified with the relationship between the mixing ratio (molefraction) in the co-deposition layer of V₂O₅ and α-NPD and theresistivities for each ratio reported by the inventors of the presentinvention in Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. 2003-272860.

Example 3

In Example 3, the measurements of the transmittance (at 1000 Å thick=100nm thick) in the visible light wave length region were conducted for themain constituents of the present invention, i.e., “MoO₃ depositionlayer” and “co-deposited layer of MoO₃ and α-NPD”, and for the “V₂O₅deposition layer” which can function similar way in the organic devices.

Measurement results are plotted in FIG. 8. As can be understood fromFIG. 8, it has been found that the “MoO₃ deposition layer” and“co-deposited layer of MoO₃ and α-NPD” of the present invention canexhibit a higher transmittance in a substantially full range of thevisible light region in comparison with the “V₂O₅ deposition layer”.Accordingly, it can be appreciated that the above layers of the presentinvention can be more advantageously used as a layer for an organicdevice such as an organic EL element and an organic solar cell.

Hereinafter, the organic EL element and an organic solar cell will bespecifically described as an example of the organic device to assist infurther understanding of the present invention. Note that, in thefollowing examples, ITO: indium-tin-oxide is used in the formation of ananode, and CuPc: copper phthalocyanine is used in the formation of ahole-transporting layer adjacent to an anode or an electron-donatinglayer of the organic solar cell. PTCBI:3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylicbis-benzimidazole is used in the formation of an electron-acceptinglayer of the organic solar cell. Furthermore,NPB(α-NPD):N,N′-di(naphthalene-1-yl)-N,N′-diphenylbenzidin is used as anorganic hole-transporting compound, and Alq:tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum(III) is used as a host material of thelight emissive layer plus an organic electron-transporting compound.C545T (coumarin derivative, commercial product of Kodak) is a greenlight emissive material, and is doped into a host material of the lightemissive layer. Liq:(8-hydroxyquinoline) lithium is a material used inthe electron-transporting layer, and is used as a radical aniongenerating means for producing a radical anion of the organicelectron-transporting compound (e.g., Alq), because Li ions in Liq arereduced by a thermally reducible metal (e.g., aluminum) to Li metal(that, then, would be followed by the oxidation reduction reactionleading to the formation of {Li⁺+Alq⁻}, for instance). Furthermore, Al:aluminum is used as a cathode or a thermally reducible metal. MoO₃:molybdenum trioxide is used as a radical cation generating means toproduce a radical cation of the organic hole-transporting compoundthrough contacting MoO₃ with an organic hole-transporting compound uponlamination or mixing thereof. In addition, MoO₃ may be used alone as acharge-transporting layer because of the low resistance property due tothe low resistivity of not more than 10⁵ Ωcm which is much lower thanmost of organic compounds used in the conventional organic devices, andbecause of the high light transmissivity.

Example 4

Example 4 represents an example of the embodiment in which MoO₃ and NPBare mixed to obtain the function as a hole-transporting layer of theorganic EL device.

A layer including a mixture of NPB(α-NPD) and MoO₃ in a molar ratio of1:1 is co-deposited at a thickness of 300 Å on an ITO (indium-tin-oxide)anode formed upon patterning on a glass substrate.

Thereafter, NPB(α-NPD) is deposited at a thickness of 500 Å.Subsequently, Alq doped with 1 wt % of the fluorescent dye:C545T isdeposited to form a light emissive layer having a thickness of 500 Å.Thereafter, a layer including a mixture of Alq and Liq in a molar ratioof 1:1 is co-deposited at a thickness of 250 Å. Finally, aluminum (Al)is deposited at a thickness of 1,000 Å. Note that, in this example, Alcan provide both of the functions of reducing a lithium ion (Li⁺) in Liqto the metal Li and of acting as a cathode.

A structure of the resulting device is simply denoted as follows:

ITO/MoO₃:NPB(1:1),300/NPB,500/Alq:C545T(1 wt %),500/Alq:Liq,250/Al,1000(Hereinafter, this simple denotation will be used to explain the devicestructure.)

In the layer of MoO₃:NPB(1:1), a radical cation of NPB (NPB⁺) isgenerated through the following oxidation-reduction reaction.

MoO₃+NPB→MoO₃ ⁻+NPB⁺

Example 5

Example 5 represents an example of the embodiment in which MoO₃ and NPBare laminated to obtain the function as a hole-transporting layer of theorganic EL device.

A structure of the resulting device is denoted as follows:

ITO/MoO₃,300/NPB,500/Alq:C545T(1 wt %),500/Alq:Liq,250/Al,1000

According to this embodiment, the formation of a radical cation (NPB⁺)via the above-described oxidation-reduction reaction is caused in aninterface between the MoO₃ layer and the NPB layer contacting eachother.

Example 6

Example 6 represents an example of the embodiment in which a MoO₃ layeris formed at a thickness of 50 Å in an interface of two differenthole-transporting materials, e.g., CuPc and NPB layers, to therebydiminish a hole transfer barrier as a result of the formation of radicalcations of the two hole-transporting molecules adjacent to both side ofthe MoO₃ layer.

A structure of the resulting device is denoted as follows:

ITO/CuPc,200/MoO₃,50/NPB,500/Alq:C545T(1 wt %),500/Alq:Liq,250/Al,1000Example 7

Example 7 represents an example of the embodiment in which the layer ofthe present invention such as MoO₃:NPB is used to reduce the effect ofthe damage induced during electrode formation by thickening the layerwithout suffering from undesirable voltage increase, taking advantage ofremarkably low resistivity (less than 10⁶ Ωcm) characteristics of thelayer of the present invention, in comparison with that (not less than10⁸ Ωcm) of the pure organic layer.

A structure of the resulting device is denoted as follows:

ITO/MoO₃:NPB(1:1),300/NPB,500/Alq:C545T(1 wt%),500/Alq:Liq,250/Al,15/MoO₃:NPB(1:1),1000/ITO or Al,1000

According to this embodiment, the MoO₃:NPB layer adjacent to the cathodeworks as the damage buffer layer to prevent the organic molecule,contacting the MoO₃:NPB layer on the opposite side of the cathode, frombeing damaged by high energy particles impinging to the organic layerduring the process of the film formation of Al or ITO etc, done bysputtering, for instance.

Furthermore, the trace quantity of Al (corresponding to about 15 Åthick, in above case) deposited onto the co-deposited Alq:Liq layer playthe role just for reducing a lithium ion (Li⁺) in Liq to the metal Li.Hence Al itself is conversely fully oxidized, leading to no metal stateAl remaining in the layer.

In the resulting device, the interface between the “radical aniongeneration layer” consisting of [Alq:Liq,250/Al,15] and “radical cationgeneration layer” consisting of [MoO₃:NPB(1:1),1000] can act as a holecurrent-electron current conversion layer, and electrons are moved fromthe hole current-electron current conversion layer to a cathode side ofthe device, while holes are moved to an anode side of the device.

Example 8 Example 8 has the device structure obtained by repeating theprocess of Example 4, i.e., the following structure:ITO/MoO₃:NPB(1:1),300/NPB,500/Alq:C545T(1 wt%),500/Alq:Liq,250/Al,15/MoO₃:NP B(1:1),100/NPB,500/Alq:C545T(1 wt%),500/Alq:Liq,250/Al,1000

In this embodiment, as in the embodiment of Example 7 described above,the laminated portion “Alq:Liq,250/Al,15/MoO₃:NPB(1:1),100” can act as ahole current-electron current conversion layer. Furthermore, since theconversion layer also can act as a “charge generation layer” in themulti-photon emission organic EL device having two light emissive units,it becomes possible to obtain approximately doubly higher quantumefficiency when compared with the device produced in Example 4.

Example 9

Example 9 represents an example of the organic solar cell in which twoheterojunction structures (CuPc/PTCBI) are connected in series, i.e.,the solar cell has the following structure:

ITO/MoO₃:CuPc(5:1),100/CuPc,300/PTCBI,150/Alq:Liq:Al(1:1:1),600/MoO₃:CuPc(5:1),100/CuPc,300/PTCBI,150/Alq:Liq:Al(1:1:1),600/Al

In this embodiment, since the above-described portion“Alq:Liq:Al(1:1:1),600/MoO₃:CuPc(5:1),100” can act as a connector layerfor connecting the two heterojunction structures in series, it becomespossible to obtain open-circuit voltage being approximately twice ofthat of a conventional organic solar cell having only one heterojunctionstructure.

Note that in this example, the ternary deposition technique of threecomponents: Alq, Liq and Al by mixing them in an approximate molar ratio(Alq:Liq: Al=1:1:1) to form a radical anion (Alq⁻) state of Alq isdescribed in detail in Japanese Patent Application No. 2003-380338 bythe inventors of the present invention.

Example 10

Example 10 has a device structure similar to that of Example 7 exceptthat the co-deposited MoO₃:NPB layer adjacent to the cathode wasreplaced with the pure MoO₃ layer, i.e., having the following structure:

ITO/MoO₃:NPB(1:1),300/NPB,500/Alq:C545T(1 wt%),500/Alq:Liq,250/Al,15/MoO₃, x(Å)/ITO or Al,1000

In this device, electrons are injected from the radical anion generationlayer (Alq:Liq,250/Al,15) to an anode layer of the device. Accordingly,as in Example 3, the MoO₃ layer can act as an optical path lengthadjustment layer when the layer thickness is x(A), taking advantage ofthe good transparency of the MoO₃ layer. Also, as in Example 7, the MoO₃layer can act as a process damage reduction layer during electrodedeposition.

Example 11

Example 11 has a device structure similar to that of Example 5 exceptthat the layer is laminated reversely, starting from the cathode layer,i.e., with the following structure:

ITO/Alq:Li,100/Alq:C545T(1 wt %),500/NPB,500/MoO₃,250/Al,1000

In this device structure, ITO formed over the substrate can act as acathode. As a layer adjacent to the ITO cathode includes Li metal mixedwith an Alq molecule (Alq:Li=1:1, molar ratio), the layer can act as anelectron injection layer, because the Li metal can reduce Alq, leadingto the corresponding radical anion state(Alq⁻). Note that aforementionedlayer, having three components: Alq, Liq and Al which are mixed in anapproximate molar ratio (Alq:Liq: Al=1:1:1) to form a radical anionstate (Alq⁻) of Alq, can be alternatively used in place of the[Alq:Li=1:1] as an electron injection layer. This technique is describedin detail in Japanese Patent Application No. 2003-380338 by theinventor.

Example 12

Example 12 has a device structure similar to that of Example 4 exceptthat the layer is laminated reversely, starting from the cathode layer,i.e., with the following structure:

Al/Alq:Li,150/Alq,100/Alq:C545T(1 wt %),500/NPB,500/MoO₃:NPB(1:1),1000/ITO,1000

In this device structure, Al formed over the substrate can act as acathode and light-reflecting electrode. As a layer adjacent to the Alcathode includes Li metal mixed with an Alq molecule (Alq:Li=1:1, molarratio), the layer can act as an electron injection layer, because the Limetal can reduce Alq, leading to the corresponding radical anionstate(Alq⁻). Of course, the ternary deposition process aforementioned inExample 11 (i.e., disclosed in Japanese Patent Application No.2003-380338) can be alternatively used as well.

ITO (anode) is deposited by sputtering on the co-deposited MoO₃:NPBlayer that works as a hole-injection layer. Besides, the co-depositedMoO₃:NPB layer can also act as a process damage reduction layer duringelectrode deposition as in Example 7.

It should be noted that in the examples described above, the presentinvention should not be restricted to the substances or the layerthickness used in the examples. Well-known substances and newlydeveloped suitable substances can be appropriately used, and also thelayer thicknesses can be appropriately varied to obtain an optimumdevice property.

Furthermore, the above-described examples are characterized in that MoO₃was used in place of FeCl₃, V₂O₅, F4-TCNQ and other electron-acceptingsubstances, use of which were disclosed by the inventors of the presentinvention in Japanese Laid-open Patent Application Nos. 11-251067 (U.S.Pat. No. 6,423,429), 2001-244079 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,589,673), 2003-272860,and Japanese Patent Application Nos. 2003-358402, 2003-380338 and2003-384202. The overall characteristics of each device in the examplesof the present invention are almost comparable to those of the devicesdescribed in the above prior patent references, however, MoO₃ can bemore suitably used in a wide variety of organic devices, because it hasa higher transparency and is less toxic to the human body than thematerials like FeCl₃, V₂O₅, and F4-TCNQ cited in prior technologies.

As will be appreciated from the foregoing descriptions, according to thepresent invention, the prior technologies having been developed by theinventors of the present invention, in which a combination of V₂O₅ andan organic hole-transporting compound was used to form a layerconstituting the organic device, are basically applied to the practiceof the present invention without any substantial modification. However,unexpectedly, comparable results could be obtained in the presentinvention replacing the “combination of V₂O₅ and an organichole-transporting compound” with a “combination of MoO₃ and an organichole-transporting compound”. Furthermore, MoO₃ proved to be morepreferable in a point of view regarding safety since it is less toxic tothe human body, along with better light transmissivity. Accordingly, inthe practice of the present invention, in principle, MoO₃ can beutilized in all of the technologies which were disclosed by theinventors regarding the use of an electron-accepting substance such asV₂O₅ (i.e., Lewis acid). Moreover, a mixed layer of MoO₃ and the organichole-transporting compound can exhibit an absorption peak in anear-infrared region around the wavelength of 800 to 2,000 nm, which isa profound proof of electron transfer between them and is never seenwhen each substance (i.e, MoO₃ or hole-transporting compound) is solelymeasured.

In other words, MoO₃ and the organic hole-transporting compound can forma charge transfer complex resulting from the oxidation-reductionreaction (donation and acceptance of electrons) between the twocompounds. In this reaction process, the organic hole-transportingcompound is converted to the state of radical cations, and thus it canact as an internal carrier that can move in the organic layer uponvoltage application.

Hereinabove, the present invention was described with reference to theexamples thereof, however, it is noted that the present invention shouldnot be restricted to these examples and any improvement or modificationmay be applied to the present invention for the purpose of improvementor within the spirit of the present invention.

1. An organic device having a layer structure on a substrate in thefollowing deposition sequence: (A) an anode; (B) a layer structuremainly consisting of organic compounds; (C) a radical anion-containedlayer in which an organic electron-transporting molecule is in a stateof radical anions generated by a radical anion generation means; (D) acathode-adjacent layer of an MoO₃ layer; and (E) a cathode layer;wherein the laminated layer of (C) and (D) works as “holecurrent-electron current conversion layer”.
 2. An organic device havinga layer structure on a substrate in the following deposition sequence:(A) an anode; (B) a layer structure mainly consisting of organiccompounds; (C) a radical anion-contained layer in which an organicelectron-transporting molecule is in a state of radical anions generatedby a radical anion generation means; (D) a cathode-adjacent layerconsisting of a mixture of MoO₃ and an organic hole-transportingmolecule; and (E) a cathode layer; wherein the laminated layer of (C)and (D) works as “hole current-electron current conversion layer”.
 3. Anorganic device having a layer structure on a substrate in the followingdeposition sequence: (A) an anode; (B) a layer structure mainlyconsisting of organic compounds; (C) a radical anion-contained layer inwhich an organic electron-transporting molecule is in a state of radicalanions generated by a radical anion generation means; (D) acathode-adjacent layer consisting of a mixture of MoO₃ and an organichole-transporting molecule; and (E) a cathode layer; wherein thelaminated layer of (C) and (D) works as “hole current-electron currentconversion layer” as well as “damage reduction layer” to reduce thedamage induced during the electrode deposition process.
 4. Amulti-photon emission organic electroluminescent device having at leasttwo light emissive units, wherein said multi-photon emission organicelectroluminescent device having a layer structure on a substrate in thefollowing deposition sequence: (A) an anode; (B) a layer structuremainly consisting of organic compounds; (C) a radical anion-containedlayer in which an organic electron-transporting molecule is in a stateof radical anions generated by a radical anion generation means; (D) acathode-adjacent layer consisting of a mixture of MoO₃ and an organichole-transporting molecule; and (E) a cathode layer; wherein thelaminated layer of (C) and (D) works as “hole current-electron currentconversion layer”.
 5. A tandem-connection solar cell having at least twoorganic solar cell units, wherein said tandem-connection solar cellhaving a layer structure on a substrate in the following depositionsequence: (A) an anode; (B) a layer structure mainly consisting oforganic compounds; (C) a radical anion-contained layer in which anorganic electron-transporting molecule is in a state of radical anionsgenerated by a radical anion generation means; (D) a cathode-adjacentlayer consisting of a mixture of MoO₃ and an organic hole-transportingmolecule; and (E) a cathode layer; wherein the laminated layer of (C)and (D) works as “hole current-electron current conversion layer”.
 6. Anorganic device having a layer structure on a substrate in the followingdeposition sequence: (A) an anode; (B) an anode-adjacent layerconsisting of a mixture of MoO₃ and an organic hole-transportingmolecule; (C) a layer structure mainly consisting of organic compounds;(D) a cathode layer; wherein “(B) an anode-adjacent layer consisting ofa mixture of MoO₃ and an organic hole-transporting molecule” is preparedvia resistive heating method, and, wherein the MoO₃ and the organichole-transporting molecule in the “(B) an anode-adjacent layer” formsthe charge transfer complex, thus the organic hole-transporting moleculeis in the state of radical cations, forming the charge transfer complexcontained layer.
 7. An organic device having a layer structure on asubstrate in the following deposition sequence: (A) a cathode layer; (B)a layer structure mainly consisting of organic compounds; (C) a layer ofan organic hole-transporting compound; (D) an anode-adjacent layerconsisting of an MoO₃; (E) an anode layer; wherein “(D) ananode-adjacent layer consisting of MoO₃” is prepared via resistiveheating method, and, wherein the interfacial layer between (C) and (D)layers is the charge transfer complex contained layer, thus the organichole-transporting compound is in a state of radical cations, resultingfrom the contact of the MoO₃ in (D) layer and the organichole-transporting compound in (C) layer.
 8. An organic device having alayer structure on a substrate in the following deposition sequence: (A)a cathode layer; (B) a layer structure mainly consisting of organiccompounds; (C) an anode-adjacent layer consisting of a mixture of MoO₃and an organic hole-transporting molecule; (D) an anode layer; wherein“(C) an anode-adjacent layer consisting of a mixture of MoO₃ and anorganic hole-transporting molecule” is prepared via resistive heatingmethod, and, wherein the MoO₃ and the organic hole-transporting moleculein the “(C) an anode-adjacent layer” forms the charge transfer complex,thus the organic hole-transporting molecule is in the state of radicalcations, forming the charge transfer complex contained layer.